Electric vehicle routing with charging/discharging under time-variant electricity prices

The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) with the energy grid has become an important area research due to increasing EV penetration in today's transportation systems. Under appropriate management charging and discharging, can currently satisfy requirements a considerable number EVs. Furthermore, EVs help enhance reliability stability through ancillary services such as storage. This paper proposes routing problem time windows under time-variant electricity prices (EVRPTW-TP) which optimizes fleet that are delivering products customers, jointly scheduling discharging from/to grid. proposed model is multiperiod vehicle where stop at stations either recharge their batteries or inject stored Given costs vary based on time-of-use, schedules optimized benefit from capability storing by shifting demands peak hours off-peak when price lower. recover potentially realize profits injecting back high periods. EVRPTW-TP formulated optimization problem. A Lagrangian relaxation approach hybrid variable neighborhood search/tabu search heuristic obtain quality lower bounds feasible solutions, respectively. Numerical experiments instances literature provided. also evaluated case study providing grocery delivery region Kitchener-Waterloo Ontario, Canada. Insights impacts pricing, service slots, range reduction winter well size presented.